JOSEPHINE NAJJUMA :THE USE OF TRICYCLES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO BODABODAS (BAJAJ)/ MOTOR CYCLES .



THE USE OF TRICYCLES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO BODABODAS (BAJAJ)/ MOTOR CYCLES : A RESEARCH AND PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY.






             






                                     BY: NAJJUMA JOSEPHINE.
TEL. 0787714167.
Email: josephinen25@gmail.com









I JOSEPHINE NAJJUMA, solemly swear and declare that the research and project proposal contained herein has been compiled by me and brought to fruition entirely by the grace of God.
And where any reference to prior written material has been used, acknowledgement has been done by clear indication of the details of the respective source, in footnotes and bibliography.

josephine Najjuma..





















TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….5
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY/PROPOSAL……………………………….7
RELEVANCE OF THIS PROJECT PROPOSAL……………………………….. 6
HISTORY OF BODABODAS IN UGANDA……………………………………..6
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS………………………...7
KCCA`S PLAN TO ABOLISH BODABODA`S FROM THE CITY CENTRE…7
PUBLIC OPINION IN SUPPORT OF KCCA`S ATTEMPTS…………………...8
OPINIONS AGAINST THE ABOLITION OF BODABODAS…………………..9
PERSONAL OPINION AND EXPERIENCES ……………………………….....10
SUGGESTED SOLUTION / ANSWER TO THE MAIN QUESTION…………..11
WHAT ARE TRICYCLES………………………………………………………...11
REASONS FOR CHOICE OF TRICYCLE WHY THEY WOULD
BE A SUITABLE OPTION IN UGANDA…………………………………….....13
CASE STUDIES OR OPINIONS OF COUNTRIES IN WHICH TRYCYCLES ARE BEING USED: THEIR SUCCESS STORY(HOW THEY HAVE WORKED IN OTHER COUNTRIES)……………………………………………………………………...14
HOW THESE CAN BE APPLIED IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES (PROJECT)…...............................................................................................…........15
PLAYERS AND PEOPLE FRONTING…………………………………….......................................………..15
CHALLENGES WHICH WE ARE LIKELY TO FACE………………………... 15
SOLUTIONS TO THESE CHALLENGES…………………………………........................................………16
WORK PLAN……………………………………………………………………..17
FINANCIAL PLAN…………………………………………………………….....17
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………....17
























LIST OF ACRONYMS:
KCCA      :       Kampala Capital City Authority.
Boda boda :      The bajaj motor cycles which are commonly used in Kampala city.























INTRODUCTION.
The transport industry is one of Uganda`s busiest fields because, everyday, everyone uses roads to get to work, schools, Universities and places of worship. Some of the means of transport used include private cars, taxis, buses and motor cycles commonly known as Bajaj/ boda boda.
A bodaboda is a type of motorcycle driven in East Africa and more increasingly throughout other parts of the continent. To say that there are a lot of Bodabodas in Kampala would be an understatement. Boda Bodas are everywhere in this city.[1]
In a bid to decongest the city and to save lives, and in exercise of its mandate, Kampala Capital City Authority at the beginning of 2015 laid out a plan to abolish bodabodas from certain areas of the city centre. The basis of their mandate is in the Kampala Capital City Authority Act, 2010 which was enacted to promote order in the city and raise up the standards of the city as a capital befitting its title. Its long title stipulates that the Act shall provide for the administration of the city, the territorial boundaries of Kampala, it provides for the authority, the powers, functions, and powers of the Executive Directors, and for a metropolitan physical power to veto decisions of the authority in certain circumstances and for related matters. Section 21 of the Act provides for the metropolitan physical planning authority whose functions include developing the physical development plan for the capital city, planning issues, recreation parks, approving the city town structural plans. It can veto for physical planning activities that are inconsistent with the metropolitan authority development plan, the metropolitan structural plan or land use policy. [2] This makes it clear that all the efforts that are being taken by KCCA to make Kampala city better are in fulfilment of the body`s mandate.
Today, our hearts clap in unison to the achievements of KCCA for their innovation and excellence which has evidently yielded results seen in a better Kampala, with perfectly organised taxi parks, cleaner roads, a greener city, a city with organised structures and and increasing number of buildings which are on plan, such as our very own Wandegeya market, buildings adjacent to the taxi parks, (to mention but a few), these have made Kampala city _a city befitting of its name.
Remembering our history as Kampala, characterised by rubbish hips on the roads, vendors and traders who often sold their goods on the road sides in park yard in an irritating, noisy and disorganised manner, road side containers which often made the city to seem like a slum set apart. We would all naturally acknowledge that we have KCCA to thank for the great work done and actually encourage them and support them in all possible ways to do greater works in this city.
Wheras the changes made by KCCA have been welcome by some people since their initial stages, it is undeniable that, despite their relentless efforts, often the proposed changes have been unwelcome by the masses, a case in the point is the earlier mentioned proposed abolition of boda bodas from reaching certain parts of the city. Wheras some people have welcomed this idea, to many, it has been greeted with a lot of hostility. And the main question among the masses has been; “if this proposed policy is effected, what alternative is KCCA going to offer to the different affected people especially those who depend on Boda bodas in various ways?”
Therefore, the fore going events regarding the proposed and necessary abolition of boda bodas and the need for a better solution are the basis of the research and project proposal set out herein.

HISTORY OF BODABODAS IN UGANDA.
Following the end of British Colonial rule in Uganda and the demarcation of boundaries, increased filled out paper work became a requirement for motor vehicles crossing through the area between the boarders of these newly independent nations of Kenya and Uganda. Out of such bureaucracy emerged a new idea; people began offering bicycle rides across the boader to avoid paper work. This begun in the southern boarder town of Busia, where there is over a half a mile between the boarder posts, and it soon spread to the Northern border town of Malaba. As a way of vying for the attention of potential customers for a quick ride through, bicycle drivers would shout out “boda boda” to mean border to border. While in Kampala there are no borders being crossed, and the bicycles have been replaced by loud polluting motorcycles that cause a lot of congestion in the city; never the less, the name “boda_boda” remains, and is used today in reference to the bajaj motor cycles which are ramparnt in this city.



RELEVANCE OF THIS PROJECT PROPOSAL
AIMS / OBJECTIVES.
·         To build rapport between KCCA and the public by reconciling the objectives of KCCA in abolition of bodabodas with the interests of the people.
·         To suggest a better way of decongesting the city and yet not deprive people of their source of livelihood and transportation.
·         To suggest/ introduce a safer and perfect alternative to the use of motorcycles, which is tricycles.
·         To edify the masses on the true and noble intentions of KCCA in abolishing bodabodas.
·         To suggest/ avail alternative employment to previous motor cyclists, riding tricycles which require similar skill.
·         To raise people`s awareness on the several disadvantages of boda boda motor cycles in the city and why an alternative would be better.
·         To inform people about all the advantages of tricycles over boda boda motorcycles.
·         To avail/ sell to people the tricycles as an alternative to the motorcycle.

JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY/ PROPOSAL.
For years every Ugandan operated under the belief that nothing whatsoever would ever improve the general outlook of Kampala city form a surburb like small town characterized by goods placed in the middle of the roads and on the road sides for sale, rubbish hips and dirt, disorganized buildings, scattered containers, dust and fumes from fluro carbons.
We were wrong, and this comes as a testimony to our changed reality. The recent undertakings by Kampala Capital City Authority have literally revolutionized Kampala and the results of their efforts have left all of us with a renewed  profound sense of humility. It is trite to note that during the times of utmost challenges and controversy, KCCA has managed to set up better structures comprising of taxi parks and traders markets, to organize the city, to maintain the cleanliness of the city`s roads, to demarcate areas allowed for market vendors interalia.
As we embrace our past for the teacher it has been, we do not neglect to acknowledge that still, surpassing positive change can and will be achieved by KCCA in the transport sector, if  we co.operate to ease their work and enable them achieve their set objectives in the transport industry.


METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS.
Desk work or research: Desk work has been employed particularly to review the previous written documents on the same topic, research in news papers to find out KCCA`s rationale and public opinion towards the abolition of boda bodas. Social media posts have also been looked in to to get a clear picture of the views of various kinds of people.
Interviews:  These were aimed at obtaining the opinion of a few boda boda men towards the abolition of boda bodas from the city centre.

KCCA`S PLAN TO ABOLISH BODABODA`S FROM THE CITY CENTRE.
This noble programme is being undertaken by KCCA with a lot of confidence to safeguard lives in this city and bring relief to the pressure caused by reckless and irresponsible traffic behaviour.[3] It is also done in an effort to stream line and decongest the city. There is need to reduce the congestion and traffic jams that are commonly found on Kampala roads, there is urgent need to re-organise and create order in the city.
According to KCCA, government offices, hotels,banks, will under the new arrangement be no go areas for the motor cycle riders.
The question that many people are asking is whether KCCA is doing the right thing?[4]

PUBLIC OPINION IN SUPPORT OF KCCA`S DECISION TO ABOLISH BODA BODAS FROM THE CITY CENTRE.
This was particularly informed by disadvantages of boda bodas, which include:
Disadvantages of Boda bodas:
·         They are too many Boda bodas in Kampala city. This has led to congestion of the city. Their number is too high to be contained in the city`s roads and they have become a nuisance. There are over 145,000 boda boda cyclists in Kampala District and these are not regulated, these operators are to blame for causing traffic mess and accidents.[5] The increasing numbers of boda boda operators are becoming a menace to the city, thus creating a security threat because cyclists donot operate in an organised manner. “The other countries which have grown in to well- organised cities such as Kigali, London, Hong Kong have had  to endure certain levels of inconvenience, but they set rules and abide by them. Otherwise, we can not simply continue enduring the chaos caused by the boda bodas.”[6]
·         Related to that, they have no respect for pedestrians paths and road sides, because they are too many. This has increased the level of insecurity for the common man, the pedestrian who has to walk extremely cautiously in this city, while looking behind, infront, left right and centre, to ensure a manouvering Bajaj does not knock him/her down.
·         They have caused innumerable accidents, characterised by knocking down people and riding off. They rarely take responsibility for their actions. The impact of their erratic way of conducting bussiness has been far reaching to an extent that the medical supritendent of Mulago hospital is on record complaining that they are treating abnormally high numbers of casualities arising from boda boda accidents and this is causing un anticipated strain on the hospital budget.
·         Their centre of gravity is questionable, they have only two tyres. This implies that once at a high speed and are knocked slightly by a fellow boda boda or any other vehicle, the inevitable result is an accident, resulting in to grave injuries and loss of lives.
·         The speed at which boda bodas ride is unprecedented. They are too fast and their riders operate with a distinguished level of impatience commonly known as “wasi wasi” which has often culminated in to the knocking down of passerbys.
·      They are small in size, hence tend to squeeze between cars in cases of traffic jam, and leave other peoples cars with scratches, and damages on their side mirrors.
·        There is no guarantee of safety once on a boda boda, because, there is no wall/ body like that of a car, no seat belts, hence people tend to fall off, the appalling negative attitude towards helmets in the city also worsens the situation in that, those involved in bodaboda accidents often end up with skull injuries in the absence of helmets.
·        Boda bodas fares have become extremely expensive.[7] They are actually more expensive than taxis. A bodaboda ride from town to USAFI market park is 2000/= which is more expensive than a taxi from USAFI market park up to Bunga – Gabba which is 1300/= only. They seem to be taking advantage of the fact that they are the fastest means of transport to over charge people.  Hence abolishing them would be justified.


PUBLIC OPINION AGAINST THE ABOLITION OF BODABODAS.
The objection and negativity held by the masses towards the abolition of boda bodas from the city centre was demonstrated upon the demarcation of signposts in the areas where boda boda stages are prohibited, unidentified people werevandalising the KCCA sign posts. KCCA arrested two motor cyclists and impounded nine motor cycles of those who were involved in removing the sign posts.”[8] People who claim that boda bodas should not be abolished raise several reasons which take on the form of advantages of boda bodas and so much more.
Advantages of Bodabodas:
·         Boda bodas have been very advantagious, the great role they have always played in this city can not be ignored. These include: 
·       Accessibility: they can be found any where any time. Even in a deep village or near a night club at midnight, one can find a boda boda and use it as a means of transport to his home.
·      Acess: Boda bodas can reach all parts of the city and all parts of the country. They have a distinct ability to tread on small paths which would rather be inaccessible by taxis and buses. And bodaboda cyclists are remarkable for their genius and knowledge of the location of even the deepest and unknown parts and offices in the seat, even when a person is not sure of the location of the place they are going to, they can safely use the help of a bodaboda cyclist who knows all places around the city. The use of boda bodas has increased access to otherwise would-have- been inaccessible areas in this city.[9] For this reason they are re-known for dropping off people to school and to work. it will be so bad for KCCA to wake up and say motor cycles can or can not reach this area/ zone without telling whoever goes there what the alternative is. If KCCA abolishes boda bodas from the city center, they would certainly not have taken in to consideration a passenger who is dropped by a taxi at clock tower, yet he is going to Kampala road. This would imply too much walking, which is both time wasting and tiresome.

·         They save time and help people to arrive at their places of work in time. This is because they do not waste time in traffic jam. Boda bodas are re_known for maneuvering their way through the traffic jam and arriving at the required place of destiny in a few minutes.
·         They are a source of employment for the motorcyclists, who include a lot of youth, school drop outs and graduates, a case in point is Mr.Sekitoleko who despite holding a diploma in tourism and hospitality, resorted to bodaboda riding due to lack of jobs, he has been riding around kampala for so many years to an extent that, he is thinking about what to do in case they are kicked out the city in vain. According to him, if abolished, boda boda riders will be rendered unemployed or only half employed and crime rate is going to increase.

Personal opinion and experiences which cause me to support the abolition of bodabodas.
Apart from the constant sense of insecurity that overwhelms me as I walk through this city, boda bodas have taken the lives of people I have known personally and injured several others who we hold dear to our hearts.
On 25th December 2003, the world over rejoiced in celebration of a new born king, called Jesus. But for my family, it was a day full of sorrow, grief and mourning the sudden demise of Ms. Nakitende Resity, a 43 year old lady in a boda boda accident. To nine, she was a mother, to many a sister, a cousin a grandmother, and to me a dear Auntie, yet to the entire extended family, she was the hard working lady who took it upon her self to engage in the farming activities and provide food to all the orphaned children. But on that fateful day, while seated on a boda boda to a little village called wabiyinja, a stone filled road in Mityana district, she accidentally fell off the boda boda, while the edge of her long gomasi dress remained caught in between the wheel of the boda boda, little was the rider aware, as he continued to ride, she constantly hit her head on the rocks,and bled to death. Her sudden demise left our family in deep sorrow and a wave of confusion swept through, as every one looked around in search for the answer as to who would would stand in the gap, to feed an extended family like ours, and take care of the orphans. To us as a family, it was an unforgettable dark moment, whose sorrowful memories continue to flood our minds every Christmas day.
In September, 2013, a boda boda caused grievous bodily harm to my own father, Mr.Mutyaba John. As he crossed a road near Kawempe police station on his way to work, he was knocked down by a speeding boda boda, causing grave injury to his ankle, by cutting in to the ligament to the piercing of the inner parts of the joint, causing a deep wound which intensified and expanded for several months, and caused all the doctors to re-echoe the same worry, “it is likely to turn in to cancer” _ as I watched my father lying helplessly with a decaying foot, I cried to God, beseeching for his mercy on my family and for an answer, an answer that would change the system, not to the rendering the motor cyclists jobless, but to the reconciliation of both ends, saving lives, but with Ugandans still employed.
In my opinion, Boda bodas ought to be abolished as soon as possible and practicable, because, apart from being a public nuisance, they are extremely risky. It is unfathomable how a human being sits presumably comfortably on a two wheeled speeding motor cycle, carrying another human being or even two other human beings. To worsen matters, there are no seat belts, not to mention the persistent negative attitude towards helmets. Yet despite all this, a dear customer holds tenderly on to the waist line of the cycle rider, in the hope of reaching home safely, but as the impatient rider tries to maneuver through the traffic jam, the usual inevitable accidents occur, and we say, Rest in peace, yet the same dangerous motor cycles continue to flood the city streets. It beats my understanding, and keeps me wondering what manner of explanation will suffice as we explain to the next generation that we saw it all,but even when we could do something about it, we condoned it and the only explanation we can give as to the jungle like congested city and a multi million orphans due to parents lost to motor cycle accidents is only but our own complacency and tolerance, not to mention our refusal to embrace new ideas that call for change.
As our children continue to question the credibility of our excuse for the way things are, I fore see our faces buried in our hands, not in shame, but in grief, for never having drawn a line in the sand, flipped a switch and taken the step we ought to take against all odds.
Therefore, to have a well organized city, there is need for certain elements to be dealt away with, however, there is also need to offer an alternative to those who would be victims of the changes being implemented. Hence the need for KCCA to adopt a better solution to the boda bodas.

 SUGGESTED SOLUTION / ANSWER TO THE MAIN QUESTION
Uganda has one of the highest unemployment rates with joblessness among youth estimated by the labour ministry at over 70%. The best solution would be to implement the new policy without necessarily causing any negative impacts such as unemployment. The best solution to the problem in question is therefore the introduction of the tricycle.
WHAT IS A TRICYCLE.
A tricycle is a motor vehicle which is used on the road as a mode of transport for private and commercial uses either for passengers or for deliveries. It assumes different names in most cities such as three wheeler, auto rick shaw, tuk-tuk, trishaw, auto rick shaw, auto rick, tricycle, mototaxi, or baby taxi in popular parlance.  The tricycle is therefore a motorized version of the traditional rickshaw or relotaxi, a small three wheeled cart operated by a single individual and is a three wheeled cabin.
It is generally characterized by a sheet- metal body or open frame resting on three wheels, a canvas roof with drop down sides, a small cabin in the front of the vehicle for the driver, and sitting space for up to three passengers in the rear.
It is generally fitted with an air cooled motor cycle engine, with handle bar controls instead of steering wheel. Human powered tricycles are usually powered by pedals, although some models have hand cranks.
 A tricycle is a vehicle with powerful Diesel engines, a fuel tank capacity of 10.5 litres. They have passenger capacity of four people, and pay load capacity of 320kg. They also have adequate room for passenger luggage and speed up to 80km per hour. The vehicles are suitable for intra- city commuting and commercial passenger carriage with low fuel consumption of 38km per litre.
Today, there are also petrol engine tricycles which are in operation. These are smaller in capacity than the diesel type and appear to be favoured both by the operators and the passengers mainly, due to the low noise and vibration which they generate. They also produce cleaner exhaust fumes than the diesel type of engines.[10]
Types of tricycle combustion engines:
There are two types of combustion engines in operation in tricycles which are used in countries like Nigeria:
A four stroke engine: this completes the  same four processes (intake, compression, combustion, exhaust).
A two stroke engine: is an internal combustion engine which completes the thermodynamic cycle in two movements of the piston. Two  strokes only takes on compression stroke and the end of combustion stroke to perform the intake and exhaust functions.
It allows a power stroke for every revolution of the crank, instead of every second revolution as in a four stroke engine. Hence two stroke engines provide high specific power, they are valued  for use in portable light weight applications and large scale industrial applications like locomotives.[11]

REASONS FOR CHOICE OF TRICYCLE: WHY THEY WOULD BE A SUITABLE ALTERNATIVE IN UGANDA.
These have been preferred because apart from playing a similar role to bodabodas, they have several advantages over bodabodas.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF THE TRICYCLES OVER BAJAJ/ BODA BODAS?
·         De-congesting the city: unlike a bajaj/ bodabodas whose transportation capacity is limited to one person at a time. A single tricycle has inbuilt capacity to transport as many as 3 individuals at ago. This implies fewer tricycles would be necessary to transport all the people that a multitude of boda bodas have been ferrying.
·         Potential to access even unreachable areas: In the city, there are certain areas that would become inaccessible in the absence of boda bodas. These include areas where taxis can not reach, for example in residential areas. The introduction of the tricycle would be advantageous in that tricycles can access all areas of the city and the country, in the same manner in which boda boda motor cycles used to or even in a better manner because they are stronger and three wheeled which makes them able to tread on all grounds with ease. They can actually drop off the passenger at his / her door step.
·         Tricycles will solve the question of unemployment: the general build of the inner parts of the tricycle is similar to that of a boda boda. This implies that the same skill that is required to ride motorcycle is required to ride a tricycle. Therefore, the previous motor cyclists would have no reason to be afraid of being rendered unemployed.
·         Saving time yet traveling safely: tricycles are relatively fast to avoid delay and yet not too fast as to cause accidents. Their time management comes in a way that, unlike taxis which require 14 passengers to move, the tricycles require only three and can even move simply one customer comfortably to his destination. Hence saving time.
·         Saving lives: lives of people which have been under a constant threat of bajaj accidents will be preserved. This is because the tricycles have an outer body cabin, similar to that of a car, so there are no risks of a passenger falling off, this also renders the issue of head helmets which has been grappled with for so long absolutely solved. A passenger seated safely and comfortably in a mini taxi like tricycle has no need for a head helmet. More to that, simple seat belts can be introduced in to the tricycle with accustomed ease to guarantee safety.
·         Comfort: unlike bodabodas where passengers run the risk of being scotched by sunshine or hit by rainfall on a shiny or rainy day respectively, which lead to over speeding in order to avoid the rain and the motorists end up causing accidents on such rainy days, tricycles have well built compartments in which the passenger will neither be scotched by the sunshine nor hit by the rain.
·         They are relatively cheap, and easy to maintain, original, affordable and of
good quality.




CASE STUDIES OR OPINIONS OF COUNTRIES IN WHICH TRICYCLES ARE BEING USED: THEIR SUCCESS STORY (HOW THEY HAVE WORKED IN OTHER COUNTRIES).
In analyzing the role played by the tricycle and the level of its acceptance by city commuters among other transport modes in Nigeria, N.Dike Declan[12] noted that, tricycles have made a significant contribution to public transportation in Nigerian cities, they have been an essential means of transportation in towns and cities because they cater for the movement of people for different human activities.
Related to Uganda`s situation, Declan further noted that, as the size and population of the city grow, the demand for passenger transportation gets more complex and difficult to satisfy. Interest was geered towards motorcycles, this led to an unprecedented surge in the number of motorcycles in the cities and controllable case of traffic accidents, following this, the traffic system became chaotic and a nightmare.
As a result of that, some state governments placed a ban on the use of the motor cycles in their state capitals and immediately substituted it with the tricycle. After the ban of motorcycles, the need for tricycles became obvious. As soon as this happened, virtually all those who were in to commercial motorcycle transport and many others who were unemployed went in to tricycle transportation business.This helped in creating jobs for the teaming unemployed Nigerians.
Today, the tricycle has gained ground in Nigerian towns and cities and has become another mode of transport on its own unique class: and its presence is gradually penetrating rural areas too. Some state governments claim that the best thing that has happened to the transport system was the introduction of the tricycle.
The use of tricycles in Nigeria, was adopted not only as a poverty eradication scheme, but also as a means of providing affordable safe and convenient transportation means. The increase in urban population particularly those residing in smaller settlements in the city centers was the primary reason for the demand for tricycles. Tricycles in Nigeria were taken on as the brands of motorcycles with side cars. Today, they are preferred operate in all parts of Nigeria`s cities including smaller roads, lanes, and alleys where other public transportation do not operate.[13]
According to Dr.Ibrahim Vandu –Chikolo,[14] the tricycle has become household name playing  name playing a pivotal role in the urban transportation system of the country, for since 2001, in a bid to ease transportation problem and avenue for self employment of the unemployed commercial tricycles were introduced which became known as keke napep.
Today, tricycles are used in very many developed and developing countries:
In Egypt, particularly in areas like Alexandria, auto rick shaw tricycles are used to access long streets where the use of taxis would be uneconomical/ impossible.
In India, tricycles are present all over the country as they provide cheap and efficicient transportation.
Other countries which use tricycles include: Banjul- Gambia,Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Bangladesh, Cambodia and the Gaza, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sirlanka,Thailand,Vietnam, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Elsavador, Cuba,Guatemala and Peru.[15]
HOW THESE CAN BE APPLIED IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES (PROJECT).
The above are applicable to Uganda in that, they give us confidence that the use of tricycles will suffice as an appropriate replacement to motorcycles, and will equally be successful in Uganda. looking at a country like Nigeria, where there were boda bodas, which had become a nuisance in some cities, and upon their abolition, tricycles were introduced, and were indeed a successful and welcome change as discussed above.
PLAYERS AND PEOPLE FRONTING THE PROJECT.
·         Kampala Capital City Authority.
·         Project proposer: Josephine Najjuma.
·         Any others as suggested and agreed upon by the above parties.
CHALLENGES WHICH WE ARE LIKELY TO FACE.
·         Slight opposition of the policy and the alternative offered, from boda boda cyclists for instance questioning where they should put their old stock of bajaj boda bodas and where they should get money to buy the new tricycle from.
·         Finances for the project, expenditures are envisaged at every stage of the project, from its initial stages, to importation of the samples, promoton and edification of the masses in line with the earlier listed aims of this project proposal.
·         Particularities of the product, this rotates about the quality, tenacity, capacity and durability af the tricycle.
·         Environmental challenge, characterised by emission of particles and noise.
·         Lack of parks and terminals.
·         Their increase in number which could lead to congestion.
Some of these problems were faced in other jurisdictions such as Nigeria, they are also likely to be experienced in Uganda, it is therefore expedient that a stich in time, saves nine.
·         Apparent lack of traffic training of operators.
·         Lack of control of operators.
·         Recklessness in operation.
·         Exposure to weather.
·         Operation without a driver`s licence
·         Risk on high way.

SOLUTIONS TO THESE CHALLENGES
·         Acceptance and willingness of KCCA to avail the required funds for the entire project.
·         Informing of the masses in particular the boda boda cyclists of the noble intentions of KCCA, and how much KCCA cares about their interests as seen in going an extra mile to avail an alternative means of transport and which suffices for their employment.
·         Taking security measures to curb any threat of strikes or violence by the resistant boda boda cyclists, if necessary.
·         Particularising on the manufacturing company, which is going to supply us with the tricycles in question. Ensuring the goods supplied match the description, and are fit for the purpose for which they are required. Ensuring such things as guarantee are given by the company, descriptive guiding manuals on how the particular tricycles are to be used, availability of spare parts, and ascertainment of other contractual terms and conditions.
·         Advise those who wish to get finances to sell of the bajaj motorcycles or save and buy the tricycles. Long ago, the commonest type of motorcycles in Uganda were the moped and motor scooters, however, with the introduction of the Bajaj motor cycles, the moped soon vacated the country, some how, market for them showed up else where and they were sold off. A few years later, every youth had purchased a bajaj motor cycle. I believe the process will be simillar for tricycles.
·         Adopt petrol engine tricycles which are noted for low noise and vibration which they generate. They also produce cleaner exhaust fumes as compared to diesel engine tricycles. This will preserve Kampala city`s environment, which is remakably full of green trees and relatively clean air.
·         Imposition of a monopoly by KCCA as the sole importer seller and distributor of tricycles in Uganda. This would prevent an influx which has occurred incases of other vehicles such as taxis and private cars. By KCCA retaining the monopoly powers, it implies that it remains with the absolute control of the number of tricycles in the city, and indeed achieves its aim of decongesting the city.
·         Mounting a mandatory training programme and issuance of certificate of participation, regulation and enforcement standards, train regulate and monitor, buy fully covered ones with a body to curb bad weather, train test and issue driving licences, restrict them and control their operation.
WORK PLAN
·         Deliberation and approval of project proposal by KCCA.
·         Specifications of type quality and structure of the tricycle that you desire to import.
·         Raising of funds and other requirements, such as identified testing experts, issuance of permits interalia.
·         Importation from manufacturers in countries like India. This is because in India, the buyer contracts directly with the factory, however, when a person chooses to import from China, he or she contracts, or makes orders with the trading partners and not directly with the manufacturers.[16] This makes India preferred over China.
·         Edification through advertisements to the masses, regarding KCCA`s intentions, rationale and the restrict ions involved, such as, no other person is expected to import tricycles, apart from KCCA.
·         Announcing the abolition of tricycles by KCCA.
·         Sale of tricycles
·         Having and organized, de_congested and safe city.
FINANCIAL PLAN.
The final financial plan will certainly be laid out upon approval of this project by KCCA, however, it suffices to note that, certain expenditures will be incurred in deliberating on the matter, importing of tricycles, finding an outlet for bodabodas, finding a place where the sale of tricycles can be done, if non is available, processing of copies of permits, remuneration of people involved such as those testing the capability of cyclists, and advertising and educating the masses on the matters concerning the policy discussed herein.
CONCLUSION.
All in all, the plan by Kampala Capital City Authority to abolish bodabodas was ingenious, considering the dangers, congestion and other disadvantages that were associated with bodabodas. Appreciating the advantages of tricycles shows that they would suffice as an adequate replacement to bodabodas, to keep cyclists in employment, yet at the same time, to achieve the aims of Kampala Capital City Authority.





[1] Bodabodas; Kampala`s most efficient form of transportation, for better or worse Laura Sellmansberger/KF19/Uganda. http://fellowsblog.kiva.org/fellowsblog/2012/10/18/bodabodas_ most efficient- form of transport_ for better or worse.
[2] S. 22 KCCA Act
[3] Mr.Kaujju Peter,KCCA spokes person, as reported in www.monitor.co.ug/news/National/KCCA-stops-boda-boda- from -city-centre. Monday,June,29,2015.
[4] http://www.facebook.com/eclipseafrica/posts/461716510571380.
[5] www.redpepper.co.ug/KCCA-finalises-plans-to-throw-145000-boda boda cyclists out of the city, May 18,2013 KCCA finalises plans to throw 145,000 boda boda cyclists out of Kampala.
[6] Mr Jomo, www.monitor .co.ug/News/National/KCCA-plans to ban boda bodas, Monday, May,5,2014.
[7] Lincoln Sayuni https://twitter.com/daily monitor/status.
[8] Mr.Kaujju Peter, supra.
[10] N. Dike Declan, An Empirical study of the use of tricycles as a public transport mode in Nigerian cities, pg 67.(Department of Transport Management Technology, Federal University of Technology, Oweri Mostate. At, www.isdrcjournals.com/index.php/publications.table-forms?)
[11] Oladipupo Akin_Tepede, Impediments to Adopting sustainable transportation in Developing countries _The case of tricycles in Nigeria.(University of Gavle, Department of Business Administration).
[12] N.Dike Declan ,supra.
[13] Oladipupo Akin_Tedepe, ibid.
[14] Dr.Ibrahim Vandu- Chikolo, The Director General Chief Execuitive of Nigerian institute of transport technology NITT, at the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) stakeholders forum for agencies and operators of tricycles in Nigeria 25th June,2009.
[15] BBC News(2006).
[16] Oladipupo Akin_ Tepede, ibid.

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